To determine one's own position on the earth's surface or in near-earth space, satellite-based systems - above all GPS - are now state-of-the-art in military and civilian applications. The required receiver modules work passively, achieve an accuracy of less than ten meters and can be obtained inexpensively due to the mass market that has emerged. However, on the one hand there are areas of application without sufficient reception strength, such as under water, and on the other hand the signal strengths received from the navigation satellites are quite weak even under favorable conditions and can therefore easily be disturbed or deliberately falsified. For this reason, the focus today is again on satellite-independent navigation methods that have been known in principle for a long time and that were used even before GPS, which, on the basis of new technological developments, are supposed to achieve increases in performance that were previously thought to be hardly possible.
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